English Master

                     SKILLS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE

LISTENING SKILL

      Listening begins with ear. It precedes speaking. It alone can result in effective language learning. But requires active involvement of the listener for decoding. Comprehension is indicated by nods, glances, body movements and extra verbal noises. Listening and speaking skills are together known as aural-oral skills.

•   Sub skills of  Listening

1. Listening for sound perception.
2. Listening for comprehension.

• Developmental Activity

      Main aim - to train your ears, to provide ear training to discriminate the different sounds, ability to comprehend.

• Types of  Listening      

      Casual Listening

•  not really focused
• without caring for information
• may or may not respond
• the way we pick up language

      Focused Listening 

•   listening for getting particular information.
• listening in classrooms.
• listening to news.

     Extensive Listening  

• Aim   
• to create general familiarity with the phonological characteristics of conversation.
• the lexis and grammar typical of a certain type of speaking.
• learner is trained to gather information or enjoying stories, plays, poems etc.

      

•  Purpose  
• gather information and enjoyment.
• no detailed exercises on the passage.
• main purpose enjoyment.

     Intensive Listening

•  Controlled listening done under the guidance of  the teacher. 
• Passages with high incidence of a given grammatical feature provide excellent material.

•   Information gap activities.
• Frequent use of exercises help them get acquainted with common usages.         

   Purpose

• Grammatical and lexical.

   Speaking Skills

• produces the characteristics English speech sounds and sound pattern, both in isolation and in combination.

• Uses appropriate stress and intonation.
• Uses appropriate words and structures to express the intended meaning.
• Recalls words and structures quickly.
• Organizes his thoughts and ideas in logical sequence.
• Adjust his speech according to his audience situation and subject matter.
• Ultimate constituents of a language are its sounds and its phonic substance.
•  First requirement for speaking and comprehension of a  language is the ability to discriminate between the contrasting units of sound in language.
• the effectiveness of a language is assessed by the ratio of the pupil speaking time to the teacher speaking time.

       Developmental Activities

• Debate
• Dialogues
• Chain story
• Mime stories
• Telling Jokes
• Talks and lectures.
• Conversation
• Limited response items
• information transfer exercise 
• information gap activities
• role play and dramatization.

       Types of Reading

Skimming

•  to read the title
• rad first paragraph
• first sentence and last sentence
• read the sub headings

Scanning

• looking for a specifying word , like we doin Dictionary, telephone directories, textbooks.

Extensive Reading

•     aim is non linguistic 
• enhances passive vocabulary
• is a non detailed study of the reading book
• advantages 
• assimilate the ideas
• whole class will be busy
• increases vocabulary
• initiation towards self study
• prepares the reader for library reading. 

Creative Reading    

• done to generate new insights.
• reader is here imaginative, predictive and is an investment.

 Critical Reading

• Reader makes use of his power or skill of judgment.
• He provides suitable reasons for his judgements. 

Understanding  graphical representation

• Graphic Conventions-  

             layout, spacing, indention, symbols, punctuations

•  Reference Apparatus

           titles, index, glossary, summary, author, preface, forward

• Non verbal information

          maps, graphs, charts, tables, pictures, and any non integral part of a text.